溴系阻燃剂的毒理学研究进展

溴系阻燃剂(brominated flame retardants,BFRs)广泛应用于塑料、电子、建筑、纺织等材料和产品中,在多种环境介质中都可以检测到BFRs的存在。目前市场上的溴系阻燃剂主要有3种:四溴双酚A(tetrabromobisphenol A,TBBPA)、多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)和六溴环十二烷(hexa bromocyclododecanes,HBCDs)。近年来,进入环境中的BFRs在数量和种类上迅速增加,由此引发的环境效应日益受到国际社会广泛关注,有关BFRs的毒理学研究也成为相关领域的焦点内容。在总结近年来国内外相关研究的基础上,就BFRs在内分泌干扰效应、肝脏毒性、生殖毒性和神经毒性等方面的研究现状及需要进一步研究的内容进行了综述。     

饮用水有机类消毒副产物毒理学研究方法进展

伴随着饮用水消毒技术的改进,有机类消毒副产物(DBPs)的种类日趋多样化,其生物毒性和健康风险受到广泛关注。基于国内外对DBPs毒理学效应的研究成果,结合消毒技术的发展历程,对有机类DBPs进行了系统的分类,针对含碳消毒副产物(C-DBPs)和含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)中典型的DBPs的毒理学研究方法进行了详细的介绍,在此基础上分析了相关研究的不足之处和发展趋势,对今后的研究方向提出了建议。     

Identification of Sudan III-(deoxy)-guanosine adducts formed in situ in a reaction with no catalyst

Incubation of guanosine and Sudan III induces the formation of a stable adduct, which may be identified using a spectrophotometric technique and mass spectroscopy. The high nucleophilicity of the C⁸ position and its proximity to N⁷ makes the site susceptible to a nucleophilic attack, which explains the S_N2 reaction detected between guanosine and Sudan III dye. In addition, direct interaction of Sudan III with calf thymus DNA was monitored using a simple spectrophotometric technique. The results presented indicate that a simple modification of the chemical structure of Sudan I (monoazo dye) to Sudan III (diazo dye) markedly alters reactivity towards nitrogenous DNA bases.     

The international toxicity equivalency factor (I‐TEF) method for estimating risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures of dioxins and related compounds∗

The International Toxicity Equivalency Factor (I‐TEF) method of risk assessment is a revised interim procedure for assessing the risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs). This updated scheme was developed by a working group of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society and has been officially adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Canada, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, the Nordic countries, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Prior to the development of the I‐TEF method, at least ten slightly different schemes had been used throughout the world which complicated communication among scientists and regulatory agencies concerning the toxicological significance of complex mixtures of CDDs and CDFs. The I‐TEF approach facilitates risk communication internationally by reducing large volumes of analytical data into a single number‐International Toxicity Equivalents (I‐TEQ). As a result, the I‐TEF method represents an improvement in an already useful risk assessment/regulatory tool.     

Accomplishments of the NATO/CCMS pilot study on international information exchange on dioxins and related compounds∗

A project promoting the international exchange of information on chlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs) was conducted under the auspices of the Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Initiated in 1985, the Pilot Study on International Information Exchange on Dioxins and Related Compounds was a three‐year effort to improve the state of the art of dioxin research, regulation, and technology by encouraging collaboration among interested countries and organizations. Participating nations included Canada, Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Numerous activities were accomplished to promote information exchange so that better informed decisions can be made concerning future research activities and resource allocations. Three major areas were addressed: Exposure and Hazard Assessment, Technology Assessment, and Management of Accidents. A total of 15 CCMS reports were published which summarize the achievements of the Pilot Study.     

环境污染物计算毒理学分析及环境行为模拟研究进展

根据国内外研究报道,系统地总结了计算毒理学和化合物环境行为模拟在环境科学领域的研究进展,包括二者的概念、理论、研究方法以及在环境研究中的应用;分析了计算毒理学和化合物环境行为模拟在发展中所面临的挑战,并提出对策;展望了计算毒理学和化合物环境行为模拟在环境研究中的发展前景。     

Psychological interventional approach for reduce resource consumption: Reducing plastic bag usage at supermarkets

A field study was conducted to investigate the reduction of plastic bag usage at supermarkets. Many behaviors leading to potential damage to the environment may be unintentional. This study applied a dual motivation model to plastic bag usage and examined the effects of an intervention aimed at promoting pro-environmental behavior. A voice prompt intervention was implemented in Japanese supermarkets. In the first (control) week, shoppers were given free plastic bags by the cashier. In the second (intervention) week, cashiers asked shoppers whether they wanted plastic bags. We collected observational and questionnaire measures of variables that predicted free plastic bag usage during the intervention. The results supported a dual motivation model of behavioral change. The voice prompt decreased the usage of plastic bags by both discouraging unintentional usage and encouraging an intentional reduction in usage. Possibilities for interventions designed both to attenuate unintentional motivation and to promote intentional motivation are considered.